Mitigating Balancing Attack on Ethereum PoS
摘要
The Ethereum Proof-of-Stake (PoS) protocol aims to achieve Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT), guaranteeing both safety and liveness even in the face of malicious validators. Despite these safeguards, the protocol remains susceptible to specific attacks that endanger its liveness and safety, notably the LMD-specific balancing attack. This attack leverages the Latest Message Driven (LMD) mechanism, enabling adversarial validators to create competing blockchain branches, which can result in persistent network splits and disrupt the consensus process. To address this vulnerability, this paper introduces a mitigation strategy using Ethereum-TrInc, an innovative approach based on trusted components. Ethereum-TrInc utilizes dual counters, which increment with each validator action, to prevent equivocation. By ensuring that each action, such as block proposals and votes, is uniquely identifiable and verifiable, Ethereum-TrInc mitigates the LMD-specific balancing attack, thereby maintaining the integrity and consistency of the Ethereum blockchain.