The article is devoted to the development of sustainable development of the Russian economy and overcoming the problem of import substitution as one of the ways to achieve sustainable development goals. The indicators of the latter—sustainable economic growth, promotion of innovation, are considered in the context of modern realities. The aim of the study is to identify the directions of solving the problem of import substitution in the Russian Federation, focusing on achieving Russia's technological sovereignty in key industries. The anti-Russian sanctions imposed by Western countries that produce high-tech products and have corresponding industrial production facilities necessitate the rapid achievement of Russia's technological sovereignty in key industries that form the basis of the real sector of the economy. The focus of Western sanctions primarily on the military-industrial complex and its critical industries, as well as their sensitivity to the component base and the need to multiply the production of weapons, military and special equipment place the task of import substitution among the priorities. It is proposed to solve the problem of import substitution by using the established international political and economic block and non-block regional structures created from countries friendly to Russia. As a result of the analysis of national strategic documents in the field of development of the main directions of the economy and international political, economic, scientific and technical cooperation, international partner countries and organizations have been identified, as well as risks that may affect the solution of the global task set for the country. A research direction is proposed for the development of a scientifically based program that ensures the differentiation of import-substituting products by priority (end-to-end and critical) sectors of the economy and types of manufactured equipment.