The fast development of biomaterial science and regeneration medicine has opened a door for establishment of therapeutic approaches of cartilage tissue injury, whereas the biomaterials lacking of bioadaptability and cartilage-like microstructures are not competent to reconstruct cartilage tissue microenvironment. The special structure and composition of articular cartilage determine that the construction of biomimetic articular cartilage in vitro requires advanced biomaterials and tissue engineering methods. Therefore, it is of vital importance to develop the cartilage-adaptive biometerials based on bionic principles, that can be chosen as raw materials to constructs the biomimetic cartilage architectures. At the same time, more efficient engineering methods are also needed to construct a biomimetic structure similar to articular cartilage, which can ultimately achieve the highly biomimetic in structure and function of tissue engineered cartilage. In this chapter, the composition and structure of articular cartilage are briefly described. In this review, we will systematically introduce the bioresponsive and biomimetic biomaterials and cartilage tissue construction in the field of cartilage tissue engineering, and explore the relationship between the related components and structures and cartilage function. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the current challenges and future directions.