In this chapter, we focus on the former Yugoslavia and examine its political characteristics and the formation and development of its welfare system, with a particular focus on family policy. Under the pressure of output legitimacy and aligned with the socialist ideology of equality, including gender equality, Yugoslavia established comprehensive welfare commitments that often exceeded the state’s capacity to fulfil them. The constituent republics and autonomous regions, characterised by diverse ethnic groups, histories, official languages, and cultures rooted in Orthodox Christian, Catholic, and Islamic traditions, enjoyed considerable autonomy in various affairs, including social policy. The generosity of policy regulations, their inclusiveness, and their scope of benefits evolved unevenly in these republics and autonomous regions, especially following the constitutional reforms of 1974. These divergent developments significantly influenced the policy reforms in the post-Yugoslav countries (PYCs) that emerged after the disintegration of the Yugoslav federation. We trace three forms of family policy interventions through which the state can support families in fulfilling their functions: the provision of money (child allowance), time (maternity/parental leave), and services (childcare services). PYCs have been exposed, to varying degrees, to post-transition re-traditionalisation and financial constraints. Historical disparities and developments during and after the Yugoslav disintegration are clearly reflected in the current disparities in child-related family policy measures.