This chapter contains the fascinating story of Theodor Scheimpflug, an Austrian marine captain, who was working in the photomapping of landforms from cameras in balloons. I present a detailed story of how Scheimpflug invented a principle and a new type of camera that has its technology transferred to a medical device for imaging the cataract in a patient’s ocular lens. The Scheimpflug principle can be expressed in modern optical terms and derived with the use of the concepts of lateral and longitudinal magnification. The intersection height of the object plane with the first principal plane of the lens is identical with the intersection height of the image plane and the second principal plane of the camera lens. In other words, the plane of the light illumination and the image plane are tilted relative to the lens plane, this results in the two tilted planes being conjugate to each other.