Two-dimensional (2D) materials are increasingly becoming ubiquitous in several fields of science, engineering, and technology. Among them, graphene, a 2D allotrope of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure, has gathered immense interest from researchers in the last two decades due to its exceptional physicochemical attributes. Since the first successful isolation of graphene in 2004 through the scotch tape method, several top-down and bottom-up approaches have been developed for the synthesis of graphene. The behaviour, morphology, and type of graphene produced are significantly influenced by these production methods. Although graphene has great potential, the large-scale production and methods for transferring single-layered graphene for commercial applications are still challenging. This chapter provides insights into graphene’s origin, development, and structure. Apart from this, the most common methods for the synthesis of graphene and various graphene characterisation approaches, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, have been explained.