The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan was launched by the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi in the month of May 2020, which aims at boosting the self-reliance of India by encouraging more domestic production and reducing import dependency significantly in response to the economic shocks thrown by the COVID-19 pandemic. This research paper analyzes the pre- and post-Atmanirbhar Bharat phases regarding MSMEs growth as they are crucial to India’s GDP, employment, and exports. Currently, MSMEs have limited access to finance, outdated technology, and market barriers. With the adoption of Atmanirbhar Bharat, the key policies like ECLGS, MUDRA loans, and production-linked incentives surfaced to promote liquidity, technological adoption, and further expansion in the markets. With the help of available data on metrics such as GDP contribution, export performance, and employment generation, this study evaluates the policies in question regarding their impact on growth momentum within the MSME sector. The results are indicative of appreciable improvement in MSME resilience and recovery from the aftereffect of the COVID-19 pandemic but still prominent deviations in areas such as technology integration and capital accessibility. Sustained policy support will be critical in propelling further growth in the MSME sector and ensuring they remain a vital part of the Indian economy on the path toward becoming economically self-reliant.