Trauma induces profound neurobiological and physiological changes, impacting brain function, stress hormone regulation, and long-term health. This chapter explores how trauma alters key brain regions, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, leading to dysregulated stress responses and emotional processing. Additionally, it examines the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in trauma susceptibility, highlighting intergenerational effects. Chronic inflammation, a significant consequence of trauma, is linked to various health conditions, including cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disorders. Understanding these biological mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted, trauma-informed interventions that address both mental and physical health outcomes.