Old English Metrical Charms
摘要
This entry provides a brief overview of the 12 Old English metrical charms from 5 manuscripts that date to the tenth and eleventh centuries. Although there are over 100 medical remedies that survive from early medieval England, there are only 12 that are labeled as poetic. Long recognized for their performative nature, the charms combine oral instructions with physical performance of actions in order to enact the desired cure or outcomes. In most documented oral-traditional societies, women are the composers of charms, and the Old English charms seem to follow that pattern as many of them address domestic concerns that would fall to the purview of women: medicinal home-remedies, childbirth. These enigmatic texts have long been discussed in terms of their violation of expected dichotomies such as oral/literate, Christian/pagan, and magical/practical. They also have a history of marginalization based on their irregular metricality, their inclusion in manuscripts as marginalia, and their general difficulty.