The use of nano-boosted filters and membrane technology is highly effective. It can even address some of the world’s most significant problems, such as water scarcity, pollution, and the separation of substances with high energy consumption. With the combined characteristics of nanomaterials and conventionally used filters, nano-enhanced advanced filters have the capacity to handle transport phenomena at the molecular or ionic scale. This chapter will provide an overall review of the principles, materials science advances, processing, and applications in nano-enhanced filters. The chapter begins with a brief description of the typical transport and separation mechanisms that prevail in nano-enabled membranes, including size-exclusion, molecular sieving, electrostatic interactions, and wettability-driven separation. The role and significance of particular types of nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metal and oxide nanoparticles, and nanocomposites, are also addressed and critically assessed from the perspectives of enhanced permeability, separation factor, antifouling properties, and durability. The chapter also considers advanced nano-engineering and fabrication methods, including electrospinning, multicomponent assembly, phase inversion, and nano-template fabrication, as a measure of their capability for nanoscale control and specificity in the size and structure of membranes. Special emphasis has been given to carbon-negative and low-energy processing techniques using bio-origin materials, nanofillers derived from waste, and low-energy synthesis techniques, thereby contributing to a reduced environmental impact in membrane production. This chapter examines gas separation and carbon dioxide capture using nano-enhanced membranes, which employ low-energy processing techniques to make them efficient alternatives to gas separation methods based on absorption. Lastly, within this chapter, water and wastewater treatment using gas separation techniques, advanced filtration techniques, or the elimination of new pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, microplastics, and endocrine disruptors is addressed. In this regard, by leveraging advances in materials science, interfacial engineering, and sustainable processing methodologies, it is possible to realize an exciting opportunity in nano-enabled membrane technologies as part of an overall strategy to identify and assess next-generation separation technology. The aim and purpose of this chapter are to discuss an overall strategy for identifying, assessing, and evaluating next-generation separation technology using nano-enabled membranes.