Plant-based diets (PBD) are increasingly being recognized by medical professional organizations for their benefits in preventing and treating chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), type-2 diabetes, hypertension (HTN), and obesity. This chapter highlights evidence for PBDs in the management of a variety of diseases, reviews micronutrients relevant to a PBD, and discusses the implementation of plant-based nutrition in clinical practice. A balanced combination of plant proteins with careful planning can provide sufficient protein and amino acids. Poorly planned diets are at increased risk for specific vitamin deficiencies, and supplementation may be required in specific circumstances. Vitamin B12 supplementation, however, is recommended in everyone eating a plant-based diet. Physicians should collaborate with a registered dietitian to educate patients about a whole foods plant-based diet and assist in creating a flexible, attainable individualized plan that meets their dietary needs and goals.