Urbanization is a process by which an increasing number of people migrate from rural to urban areas. It is a proportion of the urban population to the total population in an area. Water is the most important resource for a sustainable urban system and humanity. It is the basic human right to have access to safe drinking water. However, urban centres worldwide and within India significantly pollute and overburden regional water resources, resulting in groundwater recharge being lower than abstraction. This trend is evidenced by data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) across various regions. This study attempts to analyse the emerging regional variations in the levels of urbanization as well as levels of availability of safe drinking water in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, using data from the Census of India. To fulfil the objectives, Z-score and simple correlation coefficient techniques have been used in this study. The study reveals that 29.63% of districts of the study area have recorded a high level of urbanization, while 37.04% of districts witnessed a high level of safe drinking water. About 55.56% and 29.63% of districts have registered low levels of urbanization and low level of safe drinking water respectively. The study reveals that the trends of urbanization and safe drinking water are relatively high in the southern part and eastern part of the eastern Uttar Pradesh respectively. On the whole, the results of this study conclude that the levels of urbanization and the levels of safe drinking water are negatively correlated, which is significant at a 99% level of probability, suggesting that the higher the level of urbanization lower the level of safe drinking water and vice versa. Moreover, urbanization badly affects the water quality. It also creates problems concerning improper water drainage systems. High energy consumptions are also exacerbated by increasing population density and demands of the urban environment bearing negative impacts on the water quality of the study area.