This chapter investigates the complex relationship between extensive oil and natural gas extraction and the growing water crisis in Tripura, a state in Northeast India. Tripura’s abundant natural resources are under increasing pressure from hydrocarbon extraction activities, resulting in significant environmental challenges. Specifically, the chapter examines how oil and natural gas exploration have intensified water scarcity, adversely affecting the hill tribes that rely on local water sources for drinking. Through a critical analysis, the study aims to identify the primary challenges faced by these indigenous communities and the erosion of their traditional natural resource management practices, which were centered around sustainable use. The chapter also explores the degradation and contamination of vital water sources, such as rivers, exacerbated by these extraction activities. A qualitative methodology was employed to gather data, focusing on the experiences of the hill tribes in the Baramura Hill Range of Tripura. Fieldwork was conducted at two extraction sites between June and November 2023, utilizing interviews, observations, narratives, and purposive sampling. Data were collected during two periods: when active drilling was ongoing and after operations ceased, to better understand the impacts of water insecurity. The chapter advocates for the adoption of sustainable resource governance practices that prioritize the rights and needs of tribal communities. Additionally, it highlights the broader exploitation of water sources that has led to an acute water crisis, predominantly affecting the hill tribes due to the ongoing natural resource extraction activities.