Today, one of the important environmental applications of nanoscience is the remediation of pollutants from the environment. Hence, several nanomaterials (NMs) like nanoadsorbents, nanofilters, nanocatalysts, and nanosensors are successfully used for this purpose. NMs serve as good adsorbents and effectively absorb the contaminants present in air, water, and soil because of their unique chemical and physical properties. Despite interesting results for remediation of various toxic pollutants, the major disadvantage of using NMs is their toxicity. Semiconducting NMs are used in photocatalytic activity. The method of adsorption of pollutants from wastewater has been chosen to be an innovative approach owing to its unique properties, like simple and easy treatment, less expensive, robustness, and good efficiency. Numerous nanoadsorbents are being used today for the remediation of pollutants from wastewater and contaminated water bodies, which include carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanomaterials based on polymers and biopolymers, zeolites, metal oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, etc. The NMs used for the prevention of environmental pollution are of three kinds: organic, composite, and inorganic materials. The efficiency of remediation of contaminants through NMs depends on their retention and dispersion. There are different mechanisms of interaction of NMs with pollutants, such as oxidation, disinfection, adsorption, filtration, and photocatalysis, among which adsorption is one of the easiest and most cost-effective pathways. This chapter provides all kinds of nanoadsorbents, strategies for pollution control, and the immense potential of NMs for mitigating environmental pollutants.