This chapter reviews research on cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and clinical topics relevant to military populations with PTSD. CPT, which was initially developed and validated among civilian sexual assault survivors, is now also a first-line, evidence-based PTSD treatment for service members and veterans. Research has demonstrated CPT’s effectiveness in reducing PTSD, depression, and other related mental health conditions in military samples across a variety of treatment settings and by way of various modalities. As with any subpopulation, there are clinical and contextual considerations to take into account when delivering CPT to military populations. Topics such as military sexual trauma, traumatic brain injury, and moral injury will be specifically addressed in this chapter, along with military cultural and environmental factors that can affect the experience and aftermath of military trauma. Research on these topics, along with recommendations for how to address these clinical concerns through the use of CPT, will be presented so that providers can deliver optimal treatment to service members and veterans with PTSD.