Tourism Social Transformation: Improving Living Standards and Economic Development Through Stokvels in Rural Areas
摘要
Rural tourism development is a growing phenomenon adopted by countries to empower communities and strengthen the economies of rural regions. Tourism is a key industry shaping society worldwide because of its powerful multiplier effect. The stokvel system is recognised as a basis of financial strength and has been investigated for indigenous African people as a leading strategy for poverty alleviation. Originating in townships and rural areas, stokvels contribute to improving the financial well-being of their participants, but they are yet to be investigated as an economic opportunity to improve the living standards of local communities to foster tourism social transformation. This empirical study explored how stokvels can be utilised to support social transformation in rural tourism destinations. This chapter examines how economic development, job creation, improved living standards, and empowerment can inform tourism’s social transformation through stokvels. Positivist epistemology guides the study using a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional survey questionnaire to collect primary numerical data. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two new latent variables (Economic Development and Improved Living Standards). This confirms the importance of stokvels in supporting social transformation and improving living standards, a unique contribution to tourism research. Additional research is recommended on stokvels as a source for developing women-led initiatives to drive growth in the tourism industry. Ethical Compliance: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were by the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The ethics committee of the University of South Africa thus granted ethical clearance to conduct the study.