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In 2022, a large proportion of the 205 million tons of marketable phosphate rock (Mt-PR) used for food production was absorbed by plants and livestock. Plants, animals, and other living organisms used for food also absorb significant amounts of natural phosphorus (P) released from rock following weathering processes. The recycling of organic waste therefore represents a large potential source of phosphorus. Against that background, this chapter provides quantitative estimates of the amount of phosphorus in (1) agricultural waste, (2) dairy products, (3) manure, (4) slaughterhouse waste, (5) fish, (6) food waste, and (7) wastewater. Animal bones from livestock, containing up to 18% phosphorus (41% P2O5), are a hyperaccumulator of phosphorus. The largest amount, 83–125 Mt PR-30 equivalents, is found in the bones of slaughtered animals, while approximately 51.7 Mt PR-30 is found in manure (i.e., the inedible parts of food plants). Significant amounts of phosphorus are also part of dairy waste (approx. 5.4 Mt PR-30), which, similar to bone waste, is a type of point source, and in wastewater (approx. 22.9 Mt PR-30). However, how much of those quantities can be economically recycled today or in the future on a global scale remains largely unknown, excluding the fact that only 6.1 Mt phosphate rock (PR) is economically recyclable phosphorus in wastewater because only 63% of wastewater is collected and only 52% treated. Thus, only 26% of phosphorus consumed in food each year ends up in sewage sludge, an amount that can be increased only slowly given the high cost of sewage treatment plants with functioning phosphorus precipitation. If sewerage networks were to be built in all parts of the world where they do not exist, the cost would be roughly US $20 trillion. The chapter focuses on phosphorus recycling from inorganic waste streams. It discusses options including mine waste, beneficiation tailings, processing residues such as phosphogypsum, post-use recovery (e.g., from LFP batteries), and by-products from steel and other materials production

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Recycling Potentials as Source of Secondary Supply and Circular Economy

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Roland W. Scholz,
  • Friedrich-Wilhelm Wellmer,
  • Michael Mew,
  • Gerald Steiner

摘要

In 2022, a large proportion of the 205 million tons of marketable phosphate rock (Mt-PR) used for food production was absorbed by plants and livestock. Plants, animals, and other living organisms used for food also absorb significant amounts of natural phosphorus (P) released from rock following weathering processes. The recycling of organic waste therefore represents a large potential source of phosphorus. Against that background, this chapter provides quantitative estimates of the amount of phosphorus in (1) agricultural waste, (2) dairy products, (3) manure, (4) slaughterhouse waste, (5) fish, (6) food waste, and (7) wastewater. Animal bones from livestock, containing up to 18% phosphorus (41% P2O5), are a hyperaccumulator of phosphorus. The largest amount, 83–125 Mt PR-30 equivalents, is found in the bones of slaughtered animals, while approximately 51.7 Mt PR-30 is found in manure (i.e., the inedible parts of food plants). Significant amounts of phosphorus are also part of dairy waste (approx. 5.4 Mt PR-30), which, similar to bone waste, is a type of point source, and in wastewater (approx. 22.9 Mt PR-30). However, how much of those quantities can be economically recycled today or in the future on a global scale remains largely unknown, excluding the fact that only 6.1 Mt phosphate rock (PR) is economically recyclable phosphorus in wastewater because only 63% of wastewater is collected and only 52% treated. Thus, only 26% of phosphorus consumed in food each year ends up in sewage sludge, an amount that can be increased only slowly given the high cost of sewage treatment plants with functioning phosphorus precipitation. If sewerage networks were to be built in all parts of the world where they do not exist, the cost would be roughly US $20 trillion. The chapter focuses on phosphorus recycling from inorganic waste streams. It discusses options including mine waste, beneficiation tailings, processing residues such as phosphogypsum, post-use recovery (e.g., from LFP batteries), and by-products from steel and other materials production