Several clinically useful three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound tools, targeting the fetal heart, have been developed over the last two decades. However, they remain specialized tools, usually employed by experts and in addition to traditional cross-section real-time 2D imaging. They are seldom used in routine examinations, as the fetal heart poses unique challenges in B-mode imaging and in 3D even more. Yet 3D imaging can be fascinating and enlightening. It helps to understand and explain the normal and the diseased fetal heart. The 3D techniques described in this chapter include reformatted cross sections (extracted from an ultrasound volume) and surface-rendered displays, such as color Doppler, inversion mode, B-flow and glass-body mode. In surface rendering, adjacent sections of a volume are combined. In the case of heart, spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) is typically employed to capture and correlate (sort) sections obtained over several heartbeats into a single virtual cardiac cycle. In the necessary post-processing, selection of appropriate of threshold and gain settings enables the display of surfaces: inner surfaces of tissues or outer “surfaces” of blood flow. Surface rendering is susceptible to imperfections, which can be attributed to the physical limitations associated with insonation angle and shadowing.

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3D Ultrasound of the Fetal Heart Using Color Doppler, Inversion Mode, B-Flow, Glass Body Mode and Tomographic Ultrasound Imaging

  • Boris Tutschek

摘要

Several clinically useful three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound tools, targeting the fetal heart, have been developed over the last two decades. However, they remain specialized tools, usually employed by experts and in addition to traditional cross-section real-time 2D imaging. They are seldom used in routine examinations, as the fetal heart poses unique challenges in B-mode imaging and in 3D even more. Yet 3D imaging can be fascinating and enlightening. It helps to understand and explain the normal and the diseased fetal heart. The 3D techniques described in this chapter include reformatted cross sections (extracted from an ultrasound volume) and surface-rendered displays, such as color Doppler, inversion mode, B-flow and glass-body mode. In surface rendering, adjacent sections of a volume are combined. In the case of heart, spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) is typically employed to capture and correlate (sort) sections obtained over several heartbeats into a single virtual cardiac cycle. In the necessary post-processing, selection of appropriate of threshold and gain settings enables the display of surfaces: inner surfaces of tissues or outer “surfaces” of blood flow. Surface rendering is susceptible to imperfections, which can be attributed to the physical limitations associated with insonation angle and shadowing.