This chapter provides an overview of the various economic factors that impact the U.S. healthcare system and how they pertain to obstetrics and gynecology. Through concepts such as risk aversion, adverse selection, and moral hazard, it delves into the nuances of patient and consumer behavior in seeking care resources. It also emphasizes the hazards of decades of inflated spending and rising healthcare costs despite persistent, unsatisfactory healthcare outcomes. In a race to improve efficiency and quality, the progression from a Fee-for-Service (FFS) to a Value-Based Care (VBC) model is outlined, as well as the potential pitfalls of consumer-driven care models. Finally, the chapter concludes with the unique dynamic of healthcare supply and demand and the obscurity of price-setting in medical billing, urging providers to assume an active role in advocating for their patients and managing costs effectively in the delivery of high-quality care.