Memories of the Longtime Expulsions: Environmental Impacts on Warao Indigenous Refugee and Displaced Peoples from Venezuela
摘要
This chapter will deal with the processes of expulsion (Sassen 2015) of Warao indigenous displaced persons from Venezuela to Brazil. Although the recent humanitarian crisis in Venezuela has been identified as the determining factor in the transnational displacements, from 2014 onwards (Rosa 2021; García Castro and Heinen 1999), this population was strongly impacted throughout the twentieth century by the loss of buritizos control, the dam construction on the Manamo River, the oil intervention in the region, and the cholera epidemic. All these reasons led entire communities to move first internally and then to nearby regions, such as Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago. Based on the memories of the Warao families living in the State of Paraiba, Brazil, the author tries to understand the relationships they have with these previous environmental disasters and how they assess their impact on their internal and transnational displacements.