This research analyzed the physical, chemical, and micromorphological characteristics of Terra Preta de Índio (TPI), indicating highly fertile soils. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding its origin. Most studies suggest that TPI formation results from the accumulation of organic matter (OM) and burning in ancient human settlements, creating soils rich in OM. This study aims to analyze a soil profile with an organic TPI horizon containing ceramic artifacts. The research seeks to understand indigenous land management practices, shedding light on their way of life, social structures, landscape management across various soil types, and their relationship with agricultural productivity. A pedological analysis and description of an archaeological soil profile were carried out. After studying the profile, soil samples were collected for granulometric, textural, chemical, and organic matter analyses, along with undisturbed samples for micromorphological studies. The results revealed clay soils classified as Latosols with an anthropic organic layer of TPI. Microscopy and thin-section interpretation showed the presence of charcoal fragments, ceramics, and other materials. TPI exhibited high phosphorus levels (9.60 mg/dm \(^{3}\) ) and a high cation exchange capacity (CEC), typical of anthropic archaeological soils. These findings suggest a well-developed ancient agricultural society in the Campo das Vertentes region.