Neuromodulation is an alternative treatment avenue introduced in the field of migraine and other primary headaches only in the past couple of decades. In simple terms, neuromodulation refers to the targeted application of electrical current to the nervous system. This can be achieved by non-invasive methods, usually involving a handheld device, to apply a stimulus that crosses the skin and underlying tissue to stimulate the nervous system or invasive, utilising an implanted stimulator to deliver electrical stimulation to the peripheral or central nervous system. In recent years, several therapies have emerged that utilise neuromodulation, targeting anatomical structures and nerve pathways involved in migraine pathophysiology, in order to improve treatment outcomes. Neuromodulation techniques have been developed for both the acute treatment of migraine, aiming to stop a migraine attack, and for the preventative treatment of migraine, aiming to reduce the overall frequency of attacks.