This chapter explores how school environments and physical education (PE) can effectively promote physical activity (PA) and health-related learning among children and adolescents. It focuses on current evidence regarding the health-related outcomes associated with PE participation and highlights the physical, mental, cognitive, and social benefits of engaging in PA through school-based interventions and PE classes. While many school-based PA programs show limited, short-term impacts that often lack sustainability—especially those based on a biomedical model—this chapter advocates for a shift toward a holistic approach. This model emphasizes high-quality, health-oriented PE that prioritizes student well-being, enjoyment, and autonomy, fostering PA engagement both within and beyond the school setting. To create lasting change, the authors call for multilevel, multicomponent, and multi-behavioral programs integrated into the curriculum and supported by the broader school community. These programs should also be grounded in behavior change models or theories, such as self-determination theory, on which some of the chapters in this book are based. Key concepts such as quality PE, physical literacy, and meaningful movement experiences are highlighted as essential for promoting lifelong active lifestyles and overall well-being. Research indicates that PE programs that support physical literacy—encompassing motor, cognitive, social, and emotional skills—are more effective in encouraging sustained PA. Furthermore, evidence-based strategies are presented to promote active and healthy lifestyles through PE. We hope this chapter encourages reflection and stimulates debate on key issues in promoting PA within educational settings and through PE.