This chapter aims to describe the emergence and development of some of the most active schools of electroencephalography (EEG) in Italy, beginning in the 1930s. Numerous Italian researchers and clinicians dedicated themselves to EEG recordings, in both experimental animals and humans, with the primary goal of understanding the function and organization of various brain areas, which were already fairly well known at the anatomical level. Some of these experimenters spent periods of training in European and American laboratories before returning to their home academic centers, while others migrated directly abroad, both to Europe and overseas. The contributions of Italian researchers and clinicians in the field of EEG have been substantial from the outset. Unfortunately, some scientific articles, particularly those published in the 1930s, were available only in Italian, which limited their circulation within the international scientific community. This chapter highlights the role of the most influential schools, particularly those for which it was possible to retrieve ample historiographical sources.