Soil erosion poses a critical threat to the sustainability of river basins, with significant implications for ecological balance, agricultural productivity, and water quality. This study provides a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of soil erosion in the Fu River Basin, China, over the period 2000–2020, employing the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) alongside multi-source data on precipitation, land use, and vegetation coverage. The results reveal marked fluctuations in soil erosion intensity, with a pronounced peak in 2010 linked to anomalous precipitation patterns. However, by 2020, effective land management practices, including reforestation and soil conservation techniques, had substantially mitigated erosion rates. These findings underscore the necessity for integrated land use and erosion control strategies to preserve the environmental integrity and sustainability of river basins under changing climatic conditions.