This study focuses on the theoretical exploration and empirical investigation of the physical fragmentation method for photovoltaic (PV) modules. It aims to delve into the mechanism of PV module physical damage, elucidate its fragmentation principles, and validate the accuracy of theoretical models. The research examines the mechanical properties of PV module materials under stress and investigates the transfer and consumption of energy during the fragmentation process. Additionally, a physical simulation model of PV module damage is constructed to provide theoretical support for selecting fragmentation equipment and optimizing process parameters. A specific PV module physical fragmentation experimental apparatus was chosen, and extensive experiments were conducted using discarded PV modules as research samples. Various parameters related to the fragmentation equipment and fragmentation methods were adjusted during the experiments. The accuracy of the theoretical models was confirmed through SEM and EDS analysis of the experimental data. It was found that different types of PV modules exhibit systematic fragmentation characteristics and compositional changes during the fragmentation process. Moreover, the parameters and conditions of the fragmentation equipment significantly enhance the fragmentation results and recovery rates. This study provides empirical evidence and scientific basis for the sustainable recycling of PV module waste, underscoring its theoretical and practical significance in advancing the utilization of discarded PV resources.