This chapter charts the evolution of R&D management, from its roots in the Industrial Revolution to its transformation during the twentieth century’s wartime “Big Science” efforts and beyond. It highlights key milestones, such as Bell Labs’ interdisciplinary breakthroughs, the rise of open innovation, and the adoption of modern methodologies like stage-gate and agile. By examining historical lessons and emerging trends, this chapter underscores R&D management’s pivotal role in driving innovation and societal progress, setting the stage for the practical frameworks explored in the chapters ahead.