Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas; its global warming potential is 34 times more significant than that of carbon dioxide over 100 years. The attention given to CH4 production from lake sediments has increased significantly due to its great contribution to the global atmospheric CH4 budget. We investigated the sediments of three oxbow Arctic lakes and one terrace Antarctic lake as the most similar in terms of the genesis of sediment accumulation. In the Arctic region, three oxbow lakes are located on an island in a river delta; in the Antarctic, one terrace lake is located in the maritime zone. The potential methanogenic capacity was higher in the sediments of the Arctic lake, both at a temperature of about 4 and 25 °C, compared with the sediments of the Antarctic lakes. Microbial communities produced CH4 via the acetoclastic pathway of methanogenesis since the δ13C values in the released CH4 varied from −30 to −60‰ VPDB. Within the first six weeks of the incubation, both the Antarctic and Arctic methanogenic communities encountered an almost complete exhaustion of the substrate available for methanogenesis. Thus, the microbiota of stable cold habitats showed similar trends in potential CH4 release, with Arctic microbial communities demonstrating more efficient CH4 production both at low and elevated temperatures. These findings allow for a better understanding of climate change processes in polar ecosystems.