As a consequence of rapid industrialization and urbanization phenomenon, extensive load and impact on petroleum-based industries occur towards the rising demands. In a global perspective, the development of petroleum industries involves both extraction and purification processes. However, accidental oil leaks and spills can often result in severe soil and groundwater pollution, leading to drastic change in physical, chemical and biological properties in the environment. Therefore, to manage and mitigate pollution and environment toxicity, the petroleum-contaminated soil (PCS) either due to oil spillage or release require efficient and cost-effective remediation. Worldwide researchers are continuously investigating and providing effective strategies towards development of various remediation approaches to repair and re-control the afflicted environment due to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Over the past years, bioremediation strategies have emerged as an eco-friendly and cost–effective alternative in comparison with the traditional physico-chemical approaches for the restoration and reclamation of contaminated sites. The present chapter outline the diversified role and capacities of microorganisms that can potentially degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in polluted soils. In addition, insights are provided about the metabolic genes, various pathways of microbial degradation of petroleum pollutants, and the internal–external aspects, and challenges that influence remediation in order to select the optimal remediation treatment strategy.