Anaerobic biological treatment consists of the decomposition of organic matter and nutrients by anaerobic microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. This method is more sensitive than aerobic treatment, but it is capable of promoting the production of biogas resulting from the digestion of substrates rich in organic matter content. Efficiency in biogas production is related to the nature of the substrate used in this digestion. Studies show that the organic fraction of solid waste, especially food waste, is one of the categories that have the greatest potential in this regard. In this scenario, the use of anaerobic processes for the degradation of food waste is a very interesting measure, both for the mitigation of urban solid waste and for the development of an alternative and cleaner energy matrix. This chapter will cover the principles of biogas production, the mechanisms of bioreactors, and the optimal conditions for maximizing performance. Additionally, it will explore the key characteristics of food waste that make it an ideal feedstock for biogas production.