Amid rapid urbanization and shifting consumer behaviors, the proliferation of solid waste presents a pressing challenge for many developing nations. Conventional methods of food waste management prove inadequate, driving the exploration of food waste valorization into fertilizers as a promising remedy. By harnessing microbial processes in fertilizer production, the limitations of conventional methods are addressed, bolstering efficiency and environmental sustainability. In this chapter, the efficient conversion of food waste (FW) into fertilizer through microbial decomposition, including both aerobic and anaerobic, has been discussed. Composting emerges as a highly effective strategy for converting solid organic waste into fertilizers, offering dual benefits of soil enrichment and pollution mitigation. The resulting nutrient-rich compost enhances soil quality and fosters plant growth, with factors like aeration and temperature playing pivotal roles. The digestate derived from these processes boasts essential nutrients, providing robust solutions for food waste management and promoting sustainable agricultural practices while facilitating resource recovery. Embracing these methods not only enables more effective food waste management but also contributes to sustainable agriculture and environmental stewardship on a broader scale.