This chapter provides a basic introduction to Neurodiversity, including the history behind the movement. We define atypical neurodevelopment and examine its effects on affected individuals and their families as a “disorder” that warrants treatment. Psychiatric diagnosis and pharmacological interventions to control thoughts, emotions, and human behavior have always been debated. Unlike other forms of medicine, psychiatric diagnosis does not have concrete biomarkers. Also, there is high variability in how humans feel and express emotions. Cultural differences in how people relate to each other and function in society also determine their mood and capabilities to function. Scientists admit that much of the human brain and consciousness is still a mystery. We do not fully understand how the billions of neurological circuits in the brain interact to give rise to thoughts, feelings, and behavior. With all this uncertainty and variability in subjective experience, how has psychiatry approached clinical diagnosis and treatment? The chapter discusses historical controversies surrounding neurodevelopmental diagnoses in particular. We discuss different diagnostic classification systems for psychopathology in terms of their development, purpose, and clinical utility. In particular, we discuss the long-standing controversy regarding the ADHD diagnosis and the use of stimulant medications to treat it. Several important questions are raised, such as, given the ever-increasing demands of today’s world, what is an impaired level of functioning? In order to meet the day-to-day needs of just an everyday adult life, is the use of potentially harmful chemicals justified? Given that we are in the middle of a stimulant epidemic and a seemingly never-ending nationwide shortage of these chemicals in America, I believe these are important questions to consider for clinicians who are responsible for prescribing these medications.