The purpose of the study was to examine health trends in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The material used was statistical data presented on the official websites of WHO, the Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS, the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan for the period 2010–2020. Analytical and statistical research methods were applied. Reliability of differences between 2010 and 2020 indicators was assessed using Student's t-criterion with t > 2 and p < 0.05. Russia has a regressive type of population age structure, while the Republic of Uzbekistan has a progressive type. In the period from 2010 to 2020 in the Russian Federation there was a statistically reliable decrease in the birth rate by 12.8%, as well as an increase in mortality by 34% and a corresponding increase in negative values of the natural population growth rate by three times. In Uzbekistan over the same period there was a statistically significant increase in the birth and death rates (11% each) and a 14% increase in the positive values of the natural population growth rate. In the Russian Federation, the primary morbidity rate for respiratory and circulatory diseases increased. In Uzbekistan, since 2010 there has been an increase in primary morbidity in the classes of infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the circulatory system, respiratory system and digestive system. In the Russian Federation, there was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of primary disability, while in Uzbekistan this indicator increased. Thus, like the demographic situation in Russia and Uzbekistan—regressive and progressive—the health characteristics of the population are clear indicators of the effectiveness of national health systems.