The Early Modern Period (ca. 300-year span) saw a significant expansion of knowledge about falcons, largely driven by the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Latin texts on natural history. During this time, the focus shifted from falconry alone to the emergence of a new discipline—ornithology—offering a broader perspective on the study of birds. Research was primarily divided into two areas: categorizing species based on their morphological features and understanding their behaviors in relation to their natural environments. This period emphasized refining existing knowledge over discovering new evidence, partly due to the decline of the falcon trade. Among the key developments was the adoption of Linnaean binomial nomenclature, which stabilized falcon taxonomy. At the same time, the recognition of subspecific variability emerged, with the overall number of species remaining relatively constant. Advances also included more accurate depictions of species in illustrations accompanying scientific texts. Furthermore, early studies began to explore the behavior and ecology of species beyond taxonomy and falconry, leading to a more precise understanding of falcon species’ distribution across Europe. Despite these advancements, the persistence of incorrect knowledge and misidentifications remained a significant issue. Additionally, human perspectives toward falcons underwent a drastic shift, with falcons eventually being viewed as harmful species in pest control practices.