This chapter spans 4,300 years, from the Bronze Age (fourth millennium BCE) to the period known as “Late Antiquity” (fourth to sixth century CE). Climatic anomalies likely influenced the distribution and density of falcons, primarily at a local scale. Despite a significant reduction in fossils, the importance of falcons in human cultural contexts is testified to by various art forms, including paintings, steles, and jewelry. Accordingly, they have been revered, mummified, and raised to a position of prestige, as seen in examples like divine transfiguration and the start of falconry. Significant fossilized falcon assemblages have been discovered in the subterranean animal necropolises of the Saitic (672–525 BCE) and Ptolemaic (304–30 BCE) periods. In Late Antiquity, the rise of falconry contributed to the commercialization of falcons. In Northern Europe, gyr- and peregrine falcons became symbols of aristocracy and were often buried with their owners. Human expansion and increased interactions with falcons led to their adaptation to nesting on man-made structures, like large temples (e.g., lesser kestrels).