This chapter covers three interlinked topics: the concept of knowledge as justified, true belief; three different accounts of the epistemic aims of education; and what happens when knowledge is tested for in schools. The first section provides an introduction to epistemology and its interactions with education. The second section demonstrates how different philosophers of education have thought about the epistemic aims of education. Here, the purposes of teaching knowledge and/or knowledge-related skills and character traits are explored. Finally, the third section looks at the attainment gap and asks whether different ideas about the epistemic aims of education have acted to exacerbate it. The chapter concludes with questions about the place of knowledge in education, and whether epistemic aims ought to be prioritised over a more holistic understanding of what education is for.