This introductory chapter commences by providing an outline of the chapters in this book and offers an analysis of the concept of learning. The key concepts we tackle in this book include learning, teaching, indoctrination, knowledge, equality, intelligence, virtue, and rights. Throughout this book, we will outline different ways of understanding the aims of education. The aims we will consider include rationality (i.e. critical thinking), knowledge (i.e. epistemic), social justice, vocational preparation, flourishing, and political participation (i.e. citizenship). These aims of education are all hotly debated in the extant literature and we will considers their strengths and weaknesses. The applied examples we look at include religious education and teaching controversial issues in the classroom, attainment gaps in education, the educational impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the curriculum, teaching ethics in schools as a form of moral education, and citizenship education. In this first chapter we briefly detail the methodology of philosophy and demonstrates how the application of philosophical thinking skills to educational concepts and the critical engagement with normative claims is vital to helping us understand the meaning and value of education. We hope our detailing of the ideas, theories and arguments in the philosophy of education in this book encourages readers’ own questions and critical analysis.