While the impact of pregnancy on women’s health is well-documented, non-pregnancy-related emergencies also significantly affect women, with a substantial number of female patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), a third of whom are post-surgery. Evidence suggests that women may experience disparities in ICU treatment, including lower rates of intensive care admission and poorer long-term outcomes compared to men. This may be partly due to a lack of gender-specific considerations in ICU and surgical practice and also research, where assumptions of gender equity in clinical tools and validation processes have overlooked gender differences. Research has shown that women face unique challenges in surgical care, such as higher pre-operative anxiety and differences in post-operative pain management. These factors, while seemingly minor, can affect the quality of care and contribute to disparities in outcomes. This chapter examines the multifactorial causes of these disparities in outcomes for critically ill women and those post-surgery, focusing on the epidemiology, presentation, and management of non-pregnancy-related emergencies. Key themes include the psychological and relational dynamics between women and healthcare providers, the underrepresentation of women in clinical research, and the need for gender-specific tools in assessing and managing women’s health in critical care and surgery. Addressing these issues is essential to improving gender equity and health outcomes in these settings.