The Pampa plain is the most densely populated and productive area in Argentina. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, agriculture and livestock have strongly modified the land cover, profoundly altering the biogeochemical cycles, water consumption, and biodiversity. The lack of limnological monitoring programmes to track environmental deterioration indicates that paleolimnological reconstructions provide critical clues to answer questions dealing with the occurrence, timing, and frequency of climate fluctuations at the scale of hundreds and thousands of years. Analysis of the present-day perturbation must be inscribed in a wide time window to disentangle the nature of the forcings (i.e., natural or anthropogenic) behind the environmental changes. Lakes are unique natural systems that preserve the “memory” of all kinds of events that have occurred in the territory. Faced with the challenges ahead is necessary to develop a more in-depth approach that goes beyond the traditional paleolimnological perspective and takes into account the multiple forms of knowledge.