The broken foreland of Sierras Pampeanas encompasses intermontane basins filled with lacustrine, fluvial and evaporite deposits since the Quaternary. The combined analyses of sedimentary outcrops and sedimentary cores, coupled with environmental proxies and geochronology provide a new base for understanding the depositional and palaeohydrological variability over time. Sedimentary successions are characterised by a diverse range of clastic sediments and evaporites including carbonates, gypsum, and halite. The sedimentary record during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, from around 40,000 years BP to the present, shows changes linked to humidity and temperature. Palaeohydrological reconstructions suggest the development of a climatic antiphase in areas dominated by the influence of the South Pacific Anticyclone (west of the Arid Diagonal; AD) and the Southern Monsoon System (east of the AD). Thus, cold and humid conditions linked to the westerly and southerly winds during the Last Glacial Maximum triggered high lake-levels and fluvial deposits of moderate to high energy at Salina del Bebedero. In contrast, the reconstruction in Salina de Ambargasta highlight the development of the salt plains between 23,600 and 18,500 cal yr. BP, followed by change towards drier conditions intercalated with wet pulses. Dry conditions can be inferred between 18,500 and 8600 cal yr BP.