Materials Characterization by Laser-Induced Plasma Acoustics and Spectroscopy
摘要
Plasma formation by focused high-power, short laser pulses on matter at atmospheric pressure is always accompanied by a characteristic snapping sound. The fraction of incoming energy absorbed by the material contributes to processes like heating and melting that lead to the formation of inertially confined, high-pressure plasma and vapors. Vibrations propagating into the sample generated by the pressure and inherent recoil reaction of induced stress waves (e.g., shock waves) together with the supersonic expansion of the front edge of the plasma into the ambient gas allow the back-and-forth vibration of close atmospheric particles resulting in sound. Precedents on laser-generated acoustic transients are not numerous in literature, specially when compared to other laser-produced phenomena. However, its promising uses make it an interesting area to explore. This chapter reviews the combined use of optical emission and the sound waves generated by laser-induced plasma formation to support the identification of the sample. The first section of the chapter deals with the fundamentals of laser-induced acoustic signals. The next section is devoted to the discussion of how the experimental variables affect acoustics as a source of sample information. Among the discussed variability sources are the excitation parameters, the morphological and the physicochemical properties of the target as well as the buffer gas under which these optical and acoustic transients develop. A discussion on the synergy of combined optical and acoustic spectroscopies through data fusion strategies toward analytical specificity follows. Finally, the conclusions outline the most relevant achievements so far and future needs focusing mainly on the use of laser-induced acoustics for the in situ laser-based geochemistry exploration of solar system planets, one of its most interesting applications.