Many context-dependent socio-political, economic, cultural, and historical factors, apart from the performance of allegedly charismatic leaders, lead to the rise of the populist far right, supported by conservative mainstream parties and the manipulative use of (social) media. Formerly taboo subjects and expressions in mainstream discourse are becoming increasingly accepted (normalisation) and have become part and parcel of mainstream politics and the culturalisation of exclusion. This chapter introduces and elaborates some of the main factors leading to discursive shifts to, and the normalisation of, the far right, after providing important definitions of some salient concepts, such as far-right populism, normalisation and mainstreaming, and democratic backsliding. Moreover, I claim that such normalisation goes hand in hand with a certain shamelessness: the limits of the sayable are shifting with regard to both the frequency of lies and the violation of rules for discourse and politeness conventions—as well as with regard to repeated attacks on salient democratic institutions, for example freedom of the press, judicial independence, and so forth. Discursive strategies of provocation, blame avoidance, denial, Manichaean division, victim-perpetrator reversal, as well as eristic argumentation and conspiracy theories dominate official communication, accompanied by ever more nativist nationalism and the racialisation of space.

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Normalising, Mainstreaming, and Democratic Backsliding: Discursive Shifts to the Populist Far Right

  • Ruth Wodak

摘要

Many context-dependent socio-political, economic, cultural, and historical factors, apart from the performance of allegedly charismatic leaders, lead to the rise of the populist far right, supported by conservative mainstream parties and the manipulative use of (social) media. Formerly taboo subjects and expressions in mainstream discourse are becoming increasingly accepted (normalisation) and have become part and parcel of mainstream politics and the culturalisation of exclusion. This chapter introduces and elaborates some of the main factors leading to discursive shifts to, and the normalisation of, the far right, after providing important definitions of some salient concepts, such as far-right populism, normalisation and mainstreaming, and democratic backsliding. Moreover, I claim that such normalisation goes hand in hand with a certain shamelessness: the limits of the sayable are shifting with regard to both the frequency of lies and the violation of rules for discourse and politeness conventions—as well as with regard to repeated attacks on salient democratic institutions, for example freedom of the press, judicial independence, and so forth. Discursive strategies of provocation, blame avoidance, denial, Manichaean division, victim-perpetrator reversal, as well as eristic argumentation and conspiracy theories dominate official communication, accompanied by ever more nativist nationalism and the racialisation of space.