This paper reviews and synthesizes findings from 21 studies on gender differences in working memory (WM) and associated neural activation patterns using EEG and fMRI technologies. The studies explore hemispheric lateralization, the effects of negative emotional stimuli on cognitive performance, and gender-specific neural and cognitive responses during WM tasks. Distinct patterns of right-sided dominance in males and left hemisphere activation in females were commonly observed, alongside gender-specific performance in verbal and visuospatial WM tasks. This review also discusses the implications of these findings on the understanding of cognitive neuropsychological dimorphism, offering insights into the complex interplay of gender, cognition, and neural architecture.