The different forms of geophysical/abiotic, biological, and ecological selection interact and overlap. This chapter presents examples of the effects of selection in landscape evolution. These include the coevolution of hydrological, soil, geomorphological, and vegetation systems, tied together in this case via percolation theory, and the water balance, where selection is demonstrated via multiple approaches, including Budyko curves, percolation theory, vegetation optimality, the proportionality hypothesis, and maximum entropy production. Landscape evolution via emergent selection is also shown to be a form of adaptation, using an analysis of preferential flow and “store and pour” structures in hydrological systems. Region-specific case studies include the White Desert, Egypt; fluvial-estuary transition zones in the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain; and the Brazilian Cerrado. Efficiency selection consistently operates in landscapes, but a progression toward greater efficiency is not always observed. This is due to the probabilistic and local nature of selection, and changes in dominant controls of landscape evolution, and therefore of selection criteria, over time. Energy dissipation in one process may decrease efficiency in another. Selection operates on multiple components simultaneously, with effects that may counteract each other.