Multiple worldviews and scientific cultures apply to geosciences and are reflected in scientific practice. These are not mutually exclusive, and no logical or practical necessity prevents movement across and between them. Newtonian, Langrangian, Darwinian, Boltzmann, and von Bertalanffian approaches have all resulted in valid, useful advances in geophysics and Earth system science. There is no reason to reject or devalue any of these, and many good reasons to integrate them. The dominant controls and law-place-history frameworks are reflections of, and tools for, integration of scientific cultures, and both are derived directly from Earth sciences. ESS are characterized by multiple scale causality, so bottom-up, top-down, and scale-specific approaches are all applicable, along with explicit attention to issues of scale linkage and contingency. This also indicates a need to incorporate both reductionist and holistic perspectives. The chapter also shows that evolutionary creativity is not restricted to biota. Abiotic processes have led to emergence of novelties that are selected for because they enhance efficiency or survivability of ESS. Biological selection may continuously produce innovations in the form of new adaptations in different settings, but abiotic selection repeatedly reinvents similar adaptations. Climate science, writ large, and the case studies reviewed here (tropical cyclones, fluviokarst, and sandstone mesas) all illustrate abiotic creativity, and all rely on application of multiple, integrated worldviews.