Current research on soil stabilizers primarily focuses on the physical and mechanical properties of stabilized soil and its performance in road applications, while the pavement responses with layers containing such materials are rarely studied. This paper investigates the pavement structure of a typical secondary highway in Liaoning Province, China, by employing finite element simulation to evaluate and analyze the response of an asphalt pavement structure containing a stabilized soil subbase. The results indicate that replacing the conventional subbase and subgrade with a stabilized soil subbase and subgrade satisfies the design requirements for asphalt pavements. When the conventional subgrade is replaced with a stabilized subgrade, the tensile stress at the bottom of the stabilized base layer decreases, and the cumulative equivalent axle loads associated with fatigue cracking of the stabilized base layer nearly doubled. Increasing the dynamic elastic modulus of the sub-base layer made of inorganic materials reduces the tensile stress at the bottom of the base layer by 32%, while the tensile stress at the bottom of the sub-base layer increases by 7%.