Evidence-based practice is considered the gold standard for determining whether music therapy services should be part of the education and health care of individuals across the life span. Evidence-based practice in its truest form can be considered an iterative process in which the music therapist considers the best available research, their practice wisdom and individuals’ preferences when making decisions about the use of music experiences to meet treatment goals. The published research in peer-reviewed music therapy journals is not as robust when it comes to studies in which children are the participants. This omission in the literature creates an ethical challenge that may prevent music therapists from making treatment decisions that are in the best interest of the child. The purpose of this chapter then is to review the ethical issues related to conducting research remembering that the best “rights of the child” shall be a primary consideration in all actions related to research in which children are participants.