In today’s scenario, increasing population, economic development, and urbanization have intensified pressure on traditional energy sources and exacerbated environmental concerns. In response, there is an emerging need for sustainable solution for energy. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management emerges as a significant opportunity as it offers a dual benefit of minimizing the environmental issues related to waste disposal and generation renewable energy, with an emphasis on circular economy. In many developing nations, the MSW management poses a problem due to lack of energy availability and traditional practices of waste disposal that case many environmental and socio-economic problems. As a result, researchers are looking into various waste-to-energy conversion strategies to produce clean energy in safe and eco-friendly ways. Several technologies have been developed to utilize energy from MSW, such as incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, ethanol fermentation, landfill recovery, and bio-methanation. These technologies provide 20 to 30% energy conversion efficiency for electricity. Moreover, emerging technologies such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) shows potential in converting organic waste into electricity or biofuel. These waste conversion technologies not only address the problems associated with MSW management but also contribute to sustainable development by providing renewable energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 1 tonne of CO2 equivalent per tonne of waste produced. However, successful implementation of these technologies requires careful evaluation of technological, economic, and environmental factors. Hence, this chapter explores the WtE technologies, their economic and environmental impacts.