Indirect Evidence for the Use of Metals in the Late Eneolithic from the Osseous Industry
摘要
The evidence for metallurgical activities in the period of early metallurgy is often scarce, since the metallurgy was not widespread and ubiquitous. Furthermore, metal objects were rarely simply discarded; they were valued and therefore kept for long time, and also often recycled. However, certain information regarding the presence, distribution and usage of metal tools may be obtained from indirect evidence. Traces of butchering on bones may be distinguished by the type of tool that was used (lithic vs. metal), and the same applies to the osseous industry – when well preserved, traces of manufacture may reveal the type of tool that was used. In this paper will be presented the indirect evidence for use of metal tools in the Late Eneolithic / Early Bronze age Vučedol culture. The Vučedol culture is known for its extraordinary finds related to the metallurgy (such as rather frequent clay moulds), however, the amount of metal tools remains relatively low, presumably due to extensive recycling. Osseous artefacts recovered at the site of Zók–Várhegy, in Baranya region in present-day Hungary, provided the evidence for usage of metal tools for their production. At this site relatively large assemblage of artefacts from bone, antler and boar tusks was discovered, and in particular antler manufacturing debris and finished tools displayed well preserved manufacturing traces made by metal tools. These traces testify of the importance of the metals in this period and suggest the metal tools were sufficiently available within this community.