This chapter introduces the foundations of experimental design. Starting with the case of one factor, the “analysis of variance” (ANOVA) technique from statistics is introduced, followed by the method of contrasts for comparing subsets of alternatives. The analysis of variance technique is then generalized to two factors that can be varied independently, and after that, it is generalized to m factors. Following this, the Plackett-Burman fractional factorial design is introduced and compared with the full-factorial analysis of variance technique. Finally, a case study showing how experimental design can be applied in practice is presented.